Lawrence Kohlberg: The problem of moral change would appear to be one...

The individual makes a clear effort to define moral values and principles that have validity and application apart from the authority of the groups of persons holding them and apart from the individual's own identification with the group.

Lawrence Kohlberg

groups effort principles

Right action tends to be defined in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been critically examined and agreed upon by the whole society.

Lawrence Kohlberg

individual rights action

At this level, the individual perceives the maintenance of the expectations of his family, group, or nation as valuable in its own right, regardless of immediate and obvious consequences.

Lawrence Kohlberg

maintenance groups expectations

Intelligence may be taken as a necessary, but not sufficient, cause of moral advance. All morally advanced children are bright, but not all bright children are morally advanced.

Lawrence Kohlberg

bright intelligence moral children

I have always tried to be clear that my states are stages of justice reasoning, not of emotions, aspirations, or action.

Lawrence Kohlberg

emotions always action justice

It seems obvious that moral stages must primarily be the products of the child's interaction with others rather than the direct unfolding of biological or neurological structures.

Lawrence Kohlberg

others child interaction moral

Essentially, social education is moral education, and moral education is preparation for citizenship... When Jefferson and others advocated public education, it was to prepare for citizenship in a new, constitutional, democratic society.

Lawrence Kohlberg

new society preparation education

The unit of effectiveness of education is not the individual but the group. An individual's moral values are primarily important for society as they contribute to a moral social climate, not as they induce particular pieces of behavior.

Lawrence Kohlberg

society behavior important education

Piaget is correct in assuming a culturally universal age development of a sense of justice, involving progressive concern for the needs and feelings of others and elaborated conceptions of reciprocity and equality.

Lawrence Kohlberg

equality age justice feelings

For the first time in human history, there seems to be a radical increase in the proportion reaching principled morality.

Lawrence Kohlberg

morality first-time time history

The arguments about parents being too permissive and kids growing up without superegos are not based on fact. Our research tells us that the family is not the only purveyor of morality.

Lawrence Kohlberg

parents growing-up family research

Although it may be true that the notion of teaching virtues such as honesty or integrity arouses little controversy, it is also true that vague consensus on the goodness of these virtues conceals a great deal of actual disagreement over their definitions.

Lawrence Kohlberg

true great honesty integrity

The crowds, the praise, and the power are neither just nor unjust in themselves. As they are typically used in the schools, they represent the values of social order and of individual competitive achievement.

Lawrence Kohlberg

values achievement power praise

In our society, authority derives from justice, and in our society, learning to live with authority should derive from and aid learning to understand and to feel justice.

Lawrence Kohlberg

feel learning society justice

The main experiential determinants of moral development seem to be amount and variety of social experience, the opportunity to take a number of roles and to encounter other perspectives.

Lawrence Kohlberg

take moral experience opportunity

All individuals in all cultures use the same thirty basic moral categories, concepts, or principles, and all individuals in all cultures go through the same order or sequence of gross stage development, though they vary in rate and terminal point of development.

Lawrence Kohlberg

go moral development principles

These youngsters hold that all morality is relative but that middle class morality is just plain bad.

Lawrence Kohlberg

just bad morality class

If I can see my own recollections, like many adolescents, I was a Platonic realist. I believed in the reality of ideas, of the big nouns, and believed that one's life was determined by the ideas of the true, the good, and the beautiful which one held.

Lawrence Kohlberg

good beautiful life reality

If our psychology seems crude and weak in what it can say about the great human experiences, it is better to make that clear and to mark where we must go than to ignore it.

Lawrence Kohlberg

better great go ignore

The human's being right to do as he pleases without interfering with someone else's rights is a formula defining rights prior to social legislation.

Lawrence Kohlberg

without human someone being

The problem of moral change would appear to be one of presenting stimuli which are both sufficiently incongruous as to stimulate conflict in the child's existing stage schemata and sufficiently congruous as to be assimilable with some accomodative effort.