Having a proper understanding of countries' external positions - current accounts, stock positions, and currencies - is critical to highlight policymakers' shared responsibility to tackle external imbalances before they become too risky. Gita Gopinath More Quotes by Gita Gopinath More Quotes From Gita Gopinath The biggest losers from international trade are always those whose skills have a cheaper competitor in a different market. Gita Gopinath alwaystradedifferentskills Fiscal policy should balance growth, equity, and sustainability concerns, including protecting society's most vulnerable. Gita Gopinath sustainabilitybalancegrowthsociety To help resolve conflicts, the rules-based multilateral trading system should be strengthened and modernized to encompass areas such as digital services, subsidies, and technology transfer. Gita Gopinath systemhelpdigitaltechnology Rather than waiting for a crisis to erupt before intervening, the IMF should provide 'forward guidance' on how it will tackle potential disruptions in international financial markets. Gita Gopinath potentialwillhowwaiting By promising to intervene in vulnerable markets in the event of excessive financial volatility, the IMF, as the largest player, would reduce coordination problems among investors. Gita Gopinath eventproblemscoordinationfinancial Emerging market and developing economies have benefited from monetary easing in major economies but have also faced volatile risk sentiment tied to trade tensions. Gita Gopinath marketalsotraderisk Countries with fiscal space should invest in physical and social infrastructure to raise potential growth. Gita Gopinath potentialinfrastructuregrowthspace An intensification of trade or geopolitical tensions - with negative repercussions for global growth and risk appetite - could affect economies that are highly dependent on foreign demand or external financing. Gita Gopinath traderiskgrowthnegative Across all economies, the imperative is to take actions that boost potential output, improve inclusiveness, and strengthen resilience. Gita Gopinath potentialactionstakeresilience Fiscal policy will need to manage trade-offs between supporting demand, protecting social spending, and ensuring that public debt remains on a sustainable path, with the optimal mix depending on country-specific circumstances. Gita Gopinath needwillcircumstancespath Monetary policy should remain data dependent, be well communicated, and ensure that inflation expectations remain anchored. Gita Gopinath wellinflationdataexpectations There is a need for greater multilateral cooperation to resolve trade conflicts, to address climate change and risks from cybersecurity, and to improve the effectiveness of international taxation. Gita Gopinath risksneedclimate-changechange Where fiscal space is low, fiscal policy needs to adjust in a growth-friendly manner to ensure public debt is on a sustainable path, while protecting the most vulnerable. Gita Gopinath lowdebtspacepath If a debt crisis results from government profligacy and mismanagement, rather than from a market failure, it is true that the central bank should not intervene. Gita Gopinath truedebtfailuregovernment Opponents of central-bank intervention are right about one thing: monetary financing carries serious risks. In order to ensure that it is as safe and effective as possible, it must be used primarily in the event of self-fulfilling debt crises. Gita Gopinath possiblerisksdebtserious Portfolio investment, often called 'hot money' because of its volatile nature, can increase the economy's vulnerability to the vagaries of international finance. Foreign direct investment, on the other hand, is far more stable and driven by domestic fundamentals. Gita Gopinath financemoneynaturehot In reality, while currency movements can have a significant impact on inflation in other countries, dollar movements have rarely had a meaningful or durable impact on prices in the U.S. Gita Gopinath dollarinflationimpactreality The advantages of globalization are actually much like the advantages of technological improvement. They have very similar effects: they raise output in countries, raise productivity, create more jobs, raise wages, and lower prices of products in the world economy. Gita Gopinath likeglobalizationimprovementworld Fiscal policy is a very important part of the tool kit for policy makers. Gita Gopinath verypartpolicyimportant There are limits to how much countries can spend. Gita Gopinath spendmuchhowlimits
