Normal science does not aim at novelties of fact or theory and, when successful, finds none. Thomas Kuhn More Quotes by Thomas Kuhn More Quotes From Thomas Kuhn The answers you get depend upon the questions you ask. Thomas Kuhn entrepreneuraskinganswers All significant breakthroughs are break -“withs” old ways of thinking. Thomas Kuhn sciencewaythinking What a man sees depends both upon what he looks at and also upon what his previous visual-conceptual experience has taught him to see. Thomas Kuhn taughtmenlooks We see the world in terms of our theories. Thomas Kuhn termtheoryworld The transition between competing paradigms cannot be made a step at a time, forced by logic and neutral experience. Like the gestalt switch, it must occur all at once (though not necessarily in an instant) or not at all. Thomas Kuhn gestalttransitionsteps Far from being magisterial in its objectivity, science was conditioned by history, society, and the prejudices of scientists. Thomas Kuhn scientistprejudiceobjectivity Individuals who break through by inventing a new paradigm are almost always either very young men or very new to the field whose paradigm they change. These are the men who, being little committed by prior practice to the traditional rules of normal science, are particularly likely to see that those rules no longer define a playable game and conceive another set that can replace them. Thomas Kuhn break-throughpracticemen The man who is striving to solve a problem defined by existing knowledge and technique is not, however, just looking around. He knows what he wants to achieve, and he designs his instruments and directs his thoughts accordingly. Unanticipated novelty, the new discovery, can emerge only to the extent that his anticipations about nature and his instruments prove wrong... There is no other effective way in which discoveries might be generated. Thomas Kuhn designdiscoverymen Philosophers of science have repeatedly demonstrated that more than one theoretical construction can always be placed upon a given collection of data. Thomas Kuhn constructionphilosopherdata The historian of science may be tempted to claim that when paradigms change, the world itself changes with them. Led by a new paradigm, scientists adopt new instruments and look in new places. even more important, during revolutions, scientists see new and different things when looking with familiar instruments in places they have looked before. It is rather as if the professional community had been suddenly transported to another planet where familiar objects are seen in a different light and are joined by unfamiliar ones as well. Thomas Kuhn communitylightscience Probably, the single most prevalent claim advanced by the proponents of a new paradigm is that they can solve the problems that led the old one to a crisis. Thomas Kuhn crisisproblemclaims Normal science, the activity in which most scientists inevitably spend most all their time, is predicated on the assumption that the scientific community knows what the world is like. Normal science often suppresses fundamental novelties because they are necessarily subversive of its basic commitments. Thomas Kuhn successfulwisdomcommitment In science novelty emerges only with difficulty, manifested by resistance, against a background provided by expectation. Thomas Kuhn noveltyresistanceexpectations As in political revolutions, so in paradigm choice--there is no standard higher than the assent of the relevant community. To discover how scientific revolutions are effected, we shall therefore have to examine not only the impact of nature and of logic, but also the techniques of persuasive argumentation effective within the quite special groups that constitute the community of scientists. Thomas Kuhn political-revolutionimpactscience Under normal conditions the research scientist is not an innovator but a solver of puzzles, and the puzzles upon which he concentrates are just those which he believes can be both stated and solved within the existing scientific tradition. Thomas Kuhn normalresearchbelieve No part of the aim of normal science is to call forth new sorts of phenomena; indeed those that will not fit the box are often not seen at all. Nor do scientists normally aim to invent new theories, and they are often intolerant of those invented by others. Thomas Kuhn scientistfitnormal The decision to reject one paradigm is always simultaneously the decision to accept another, and the judgment leading to that decision involves the comparison of both paradigms with nature and with each other. Thomas Kuhn paradigmrejects Rather than being an interpreter, the scientist who embraces a new paradigm is like the man wearing inverting lenses. Thomas Kuhn lensesscientistmen Literally as well as metaphorically, the man accustomed to inverting lenses has undergone a revolutionary transformation of vision. Thomas Kuhn lensesvisionmen Its assimilation requires the reconstruction of prior theory and re-evaluation of prior fact, an intrinsically revolutionary process that is seldom completed a single man and never overnight Thomas Kuhn evaluationmenfacts
