One of the things you do is you get the virus and you grow it or you put it into a modified form called a pseudovirus. And when you do that, you can then get convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies, as well as sera and antibodies that are induced by the vaccine to see if they neutralize the virus.

Anthony Fauci

The emails were taken deliberately and egregiously out of context and therefore are profoundly misleading.

I went from a person who was seeing patients with other diseases and developing cures and adequate therapies for them in the early part of my career, to every day taking care of people who inevitably were going to die, usually within a short period of time.

We now are giving drugs to people who are living with HIV -- not only do these save their lives and give them essentially a normal lifespan, but you can prevent them from infecting other people.

Now, because The United States've had so much success early on, The United States are now getting to the part of the campaign which is tougher. The United States've got to look further, if you will, convince more people, get them the right information, increase access even further.

I would imagine we will need, at some time, a booster, what we’re figuring out right now is what that interval is going to be.

Many thanks for your kind note.

It would have been almost a dereliction of our duty if we didn't study this, and the only way you can study these things is you've got to go where the action is, you don't want to study bats in Fairfax County, Virginia, to find out what the animal-human interface is that might lead to a jumping of species.

I am not convinced about that, I think we should continue to investigate what went on in China until we continue to find out to the best of our ability what happened, certainly, the people who investigated it say it likely was the emergence from an animal reservoir that then infected individuals, but it could have been something else, and we need to find that out. So, you know, that's the reason why I said I'm perfectly in favor of any investigation that looks into the origin of the virus.

No, actually, i am not convinced about that, I think we should continue to investigate what went on in China until we continue to find out to the best of our ability what happened.

You can understand that when people have been following a certain trend for a considerable period of time that it may take time for them to adjust, i would not say that's irrational. I would say that's understandable.

The fact is we don't know, but it would really be foolish not to plan for the possibility that we might have to boost people, but there's no set rule now that says in six months or in a year we're going to require a boost.

We're preparing for the eventuality that we might need boosters, but I think we've got to be careful not to let the people know that inevitably, X number of months from now, everyone's going to need a booster. That's just not the case, we may not need The Washington Post for quite a while.

We know that the vaccine durability of the efficacy lasts at least six months, and likely considerably more, but I think we will almost certainly require a booster sometime within a year or so after getting the primary.

Almost all related to the social disadvantageous conditions that some people of color find themselves in from birth regarding availability of an adequate diet, access to health care and the undeniable effects of racism in our society, let us promise ourselves that our corporate memory of this tragic reality -- that an infectious disease disparately hospitalized and kills people of color -- does not fade after we return to some form of normality. Righting this wrong will take a decadeslong commitment. I strongly urge you to be part of that commitment.

Public service can be incorporated into your lives regardless of your career choice. Give this consideration and make it at least part of your lives, leadership can be learned from many experiences and it takes many forms including the quiet and subtle leadership of example.

The emergence of the AIDS pandemic and my decision to embrace change transformed my professional career, if not my entire life, please believe me that you will confront the same types of unpredictable events that I've experienced regardless of what directions your careers or your lives take. And so, expect the unexpected and, when you can, meet the challenge and seize the relevant opportunities as they arise.

One of the important things that I have come to appreciate in my experiences this past year is how destructive divisiveness is.

Not since the influenza pandemic of 1918 has humanity faced a public health crisis of this magnitude. Each of you deserves enormous respect for your extraordinary adaptability, resilience and dedication to learning, completing your studies and graduating despite immense difficulties and uncertainties.

When you get vaccinated, you not only protect your own health and that of the family, but also you contribute to the community health by preventing the spread of the virus throughout the community, in other words, you become a dead-end to the virus. And when there are a lot of dead ends around, the virus is not going to go anywhere.

The underlying reason for the CDC doing this was just based on the evolution of the science.