Chris Scott

It is astonishing to see how the ripples caused by man-made explosions can affect the edge of space. Each raid released the energy of at least 300 lightning strikes, the sheer power involved has allowed us to quantify how events on the Earth’s surface can also affect the ionosphere.

The images of neighborhoods across Europe reduced to rubble due to wartime air raids are a lasting reminder of the destruction that can be caused by man-made explosions, but the impact of these bombs way up in the Earth's atmosphere has never been realized until now. It is astonishing to see how the ripples caused by man-made explosions can affect the edge of space. Each raid released the energy of at least 300 lightning strikes. The sheer power involved has allowed us to quantify how events on the Earth's surface can also affect the ionosphere.

What they didn't realize at the time was that the [ ionsopheric records ] actually contain the signatures of the actual war itself.